1. Introduction to Embedded Computing

• Embedded systems are specialized computing systems that perform dedicated tasks within larger systems.
• Found in appliances, cars, medical devices, and industrial applications.

2. Characteristics of Embedded Systems

• Real-time operation – Meet strict timing constraints.
• Power efficiency – Operate on low power, often battery-driven.
• Compact size – Minimal hardware footprint.
• Reliability – Designed for continuous operation with minimal failure.

3. Components of an Embedded System

• Microcontroller (MCU) or Microprocessor (MPU) – The core processing unit.
• Memory (RAM, ROM, Flash) – Stores firmware and runtime data.
• Input/Output (I/O) Interfaces – Interact with sensors, actuators, and other peripherals.
• Timers & Interrupts – Manage precise event handling.
• Communication Interfaces – SPI, I2C, UART, CAN, etc.

4. Embedded Software & Firmware

• Bare-metal programming – Writing code directly on hardware without an OS.
• RTOS (Real-Time Operating System) – Manages tasks, scheduling, and resource allocation.
• Embedded C & C++ – Primary languages used for embedded software.

5. Types of Embedded Systems

• Standalone Embedded Systems – Do not require an external host (e.g., digital watches, calculators).
• Networked Embedded Systems – Communicate over networks (e.g., smart home devices).
• Mobile Embedded Systems – Found in mobile devices (e.g., GPS, smartphones).
• Real-Time Embedded Systems – Require immediate processing (e.g., medical devices, automotive systems).

6. Development Tools & Debugging

• IDE & Compilers: Keil, Arduino IDE, MPLAB, Eclipse.
• Debuggers: JTAG, SWD, in-circuit debuggers.
• Simulators: Proteus, QEMU for software testing.

7. Applications of Embedded Systems

• Automotive: ABS, airbag control, engine management.
• Industrial: PLCs, robotics, automation.
• Consumer Electronics: Smart TVs, cameras, gaming consoles.
• Medical Devices: Pacemakers, diagnostic tools.